Arabian Horse History and Origins
Belgian Draft Horse | Arabian
| Haflinger
Horse of the Desert Bedouin
Somewhere in the inhospitable deserts of the Middle East,
centuries ago, a breed of horse came into being that would
influence the equine world beyond all imagination. In the
sweet grass oasis along the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers in
the countries that are now known as Syria, Iraq and Iran,
and in other parts of the Arabia peninsula, this hearty horse
developed and would soon be known as the Arabian horse.
The Arabian horse was primarily an instrument of war, as
were horses in general in most societies of the time. A well-mounted
Bedouin could attack an enemy tribe and capture their herds
of sheep, camels and goats, adding to the wealth of their
own tribe. Such a raid was only successful if the aggressors
could attack with surprise and speed and make good their escape.
Mares were the best mounts for raiding parties, as they would
not nicker to the enemy tribe's horses, warning of their approach.
The best war mares exhibited great courage in battle, taking
the charges and the spear thrusts without giving ground. Speed
and endurance were essential as well, for the raids were often
carried out far from the home camp, family and children.
The Bedouins have generally been credited with the beginning
of selective pure breeding of Arabian horses. These tribes,
although their breeding records were kept by memory and passed
down through the ages verbally, are also credited as the first
to keep breeding records and maintaining the purity of the
Arabian breed. To this date, many Arabian pedigrees can be
traced to "desert breeding" meaning there is no
written record but because of the importance of purity to
the Bedouins, we accept desert bred as an authentic verification
of pure blood.
Origins of the Arabian Horse
The origin of the Arabian horse remains a great zoological
mystery. Although this unique breed has had a distinctive
national identity for centuries, its history nevertheless
is full of subtleties, complexities and contradictions. It
defies simple interpretation. When we first encounter the
Arabian, or the prototype of what is known today as the Arabian,
he is somewhat smaller than his counterpart today. Otherwise
he has essentially remained unchanged throughout the centuries.
Authorities are at odds about where the Arabian horse originated.
The subject is hazardous, for archaeologists' spades and shifting
sands of time are constantly unsettling previously established
thinking. There are certain arguments for the ancestral Arabian
having been a wild horse in northern Syria, southern Turkey
and possibly the piedmont regions to the east as well. The
area along the northern edge of the Fertile Crescent comprising
part of Iraq and running along the Euphrates and west across
Sinai and along the coast to Egypt, offered a mild climate
and enough rain to provide an ideal environment for horses.
Other historians suggest this unique breed originated in the
southwestern part of Arabia, offering supporting evidence
that the three great riverbeds in this area provided natural
wild pastures and were the centers in which Arabian horses
appeared as undomesticated creatures to the early inhabitants
of southwestern Arabia.
Introduction of Arabian Horses to North America
America was built by utilizing horsepower and colonists
were quick to realize the value of Arabian bloodstock. Nathan
Harrison of Virginia imported the first Arabian stallion in
1725. This horse reportedly sired 300 foals from grade mares.
The first breeder of consequence, however, was A. Keene Richard.
He journeyed into the desert in 1853 and 1856, subsequently
importing several stallions and two mares. However, his breeding
program was ruptured by the Civil War and nothing survived.
In 1877, General Ulysses S. Grant visited Abdul Hamid II,
His Imperial Majesty the Sultan of Turkey. There, he was presented
with two stallions from the Sultan's stable, Leopard and Lindentree.
Leopard was later given to Randolph Huntington who subsequently
imported two mares and two stallions in 1888 from England.
This program, limited as it was, must be considered as the
first purebred Arabian breeding program in the United States.
The Arabian Horse Today
Historically the Arabian has maintained a reputation as
the horse of beauty, intelligence, courage, endurance, and
romance. Because he was bred and reared in close contact with
man from the earliest records, and existing in mutual inter-dependence,
he developed an unequaled ability to bond with humans. Indeed,
his intelligence has been celebrated in thousands of anecdotes.
He is gentle, affectionate, and familiar, almost to the point
of being troublesome. Foals, for example, have no fear of
man, and are usually indifferent to sudden noises. The Arabian
gentleness and tractability, while originally the effect of
education, is now inherited, and is observed in foals bred
in a foreign environment.
When imported to England, the Arabian became the progenitor
of the Thoroughbred. In Russia, the blood of the Arabian horse
contributed largely to the development of the Orloff Trotter.
In France, the animal helped make the famous Percheron. And
in America, again it was the Arabian horse, which became the
progenitor of the Morgan and through the English Thoroughbred,
to make the Trotter. As the oldest of all the light breeds
and foundation stock of most, the Arabian is unique. The Arabian
breed is different in that it does not exist as a result of
selective breeding, as were other modern light breeds. With
other breeds it was necessary to establish a registry prior
to the development of the breed, but the Arabian breed has
been recognized for thousands of years and has been maintained
and cherished in its purity over those years as much as is
humanly possible.
Breed Characteristics
A beautiful, delicate head characterizes the Arabian,
often with a "dished" or concave profile below large,
prominent eyes; a high-set, arched neck; and a naturally high
tail carriage. The back is short and straight; the withers
are pronounced and long; the chest is muscular, deep and broad;
the shoulders long and sloping; the legs muscular with broad
strong joints and clearly defined tendons; and the hooves
small with very tough horn, wide at the heel. These points
of "type" give the Arabian its distinctive beauty.
The ideal height for an Arabian is between 14.2 and 15 hands
and may be chestnut, gray, bay, and black. White markings
on the face and legs are common. The coat is fine and silky
and the skin is invariably black. The mane and tail are full.
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Photo of an Arabian colt,
representing the Arabian's
distinctive beauty.
An Arabian colt and its mother.
Note the graceful lines of the Arabian Mare.
Photo representative of
an Arabian adult in harness,
showing the unique set of the eyes.
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